Learning backward induction: a neural network agent approach

This paper addresses the question of whether neural networks (NNs), a realistic cognitive model of human information processing, can learn to backward induce in a two-stage game with a unique subgame-perfect Nash equilibrium. The NNs were found to predict the Nash equilibrium approximately 70% of the time in new games. Similarly to humans, the neural network agents are also found to suffer from subgame and truncation inconsistency, supporting the contention that they are appropriate models of general learning in humans. The agents were found to behave in a bounded rational manner as a result of the endogenous emergence of decision heuristics. In particular a very simple heuristic socialmax, that chooses the cell with the highest social payoff explains their behavior approximately 60% of the time, whereas the ownmax heuristic that simply chooses the cell with the maximum payoff for that agent fares worse explaining behavior roughly 38%, albeit still significantly better than chance. These two heuristics were found to be ecologically valid for the backward induction problem as they predicted the Nash equilibrium in 67% and 50% of the games respectively. Compared to various standard classification algorithms, the NNs were found to be only slightly more accurate than standard discriminant analyses. However, the latter do not model the dynamic learning process and have an ad hoc postulated functional form. In contrast, a NN agent’s behavior evolves with experience and is capable of taking on any functional form according to the universal approximation theorem.

Plan estratégico de Delta/Signal Corp. 2019-2022: proveedor de equipos eléctricos para el segmento OEM enfocado en innovación

Este documento se ha desarrollado con el fin de crear un plan estratégico para la empresa Delta Signal, cubriendo el período 2019-2022. La empresa ha realizado inversiones en el área de investigación y desarrollo. En el año 2013, tomó la iniciativa de adoptar una estrategia genérica de diferenciación fundamentada en la innovación y ofreció componentes novedosos a los fabricantes de vehículos de lujo. Esta decisión se tomó ya que las ventas para el 2011 habían presentado un decrecimiento, y durante el 2012 la recuperación no había sido suficiente, por lo que se necesitaban cambios profundos